When federal authorities busted Bernard Madoff’s ponzi scheme in 2008, Wiesel lost the millions he had amassed through his career as writer and lecturer on the Holocaust. To recoup his losses, he turned to the furthest shores of the American right-wing, forging. Coordinates: Coordinates Country India State Gujarat District Ahmedabad. Greninja @ Mystic Water/ Black Glasses Water/ Dark Ability: Torrent-Surf-Extrasensory/ Ice Beam-Water Shuriken-Dark Pulse/ Night Slash Why is his tongue a scarf? The foam he had as a Froakie/ Frogadier would be so much cooler. Dark Pulse or Night Slash. They say streaks are meant to be broken. But what about curses? On Saturday night, before a raucous Wrigley crowd, the Chicago Cubs clinched their first World Series berth in 71 years. To put things in perspective, the last time this team made it to MLB’s big dance, Harry Truman was in the White. General Motors Vehicle Platforms Explained from the Gamma to the All- New GM Omega Platform. As an automobile manufacturer, General Motors is well aware of the building blocks to production success - lesser vehicle platforms than before. In addition to that, GM higher- ups also know that to be competitive in this day and age, they need to offer the neatest platform technologies currently available without increasing production costs. Back in October 2. General Motors CEO Mary Barra declared during an investor briefing a pretty interesting detail about the company’s future. By 2. 02. 5, General Motors intends to use only four vehicle platforms instead of the 2. October. Of course, the C7 Corvette is utilizing a standalone platform, as will the C8 Corvette that may spawn a mid- engined variant. Furthermore, Chevrolet and GMC- branded trucks and commercial vehicles are and will be using specially developed architectures. Cutting down the number of vehicle platforms isn’t just a cost- efficient solution, but also serves as a good way to fasten the R& D of future models. It all depends on a highly important element: modularity. The Volkswagen Group proved time and time again that modularity is the answer and GM took notes. Due to the fact General Motors LLC is currently in the middle of refreshing its entire vehicle platform lineup, it’s necessary to talk you through them. Our guide to understanding them all includes the current crop of platforms, as well as the architectures of the future. Without further ado, let’s get started with the lexicon. GM Gamma platform (aka Global Small Vehicle architecture)- Description: the smallest of them all, this platform is a transverse front- engine layout architecture that can accommodate front- wheel and all- wheel drive. It was introduced as a replacement for the GM4. The current generation of the platform is known as the Gamma II platform while the next generation is expected to adopt the GM Gamma G2. SC moniker.- Features: independent front suspension coupled with semi- independent twist- beam rear suspension/torsion- beam rear suspension. What is chytridiomycosis and what causes it? How many amphibian species are affected by it? Chytridiomycosis is an emerging infectious disease of amphibians caused by an aquatic fungal pathogen, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) (Daszak et al. As for engine choices, the platform supports three and four- cylinder motors, as well as electric powertrains (Chevrolet Spark EV).- Most important applications (discontinued, current and future models): Opel Corsa (C), Opel Tigra Twin. Top (B), Opel Meriva (A), Chevrolet Montana, Chevrolet Spark, Chevrolet Sonic, Holden Barina, Opel/Vauxhall Mokka, Buick Encore, Chevrolet/Holden Trax, Chevrolet Cobalt, Chevrolet Spin, Chevrolet Onix and the Chevrolet Sail supermini. The next- gen Chevrolet Sonic and Opel Corsa will reportedly use an enhanced version known as the G2. XX/Global Gamma platform. The Chevrolet Bolt EV is slated to use a variant called Gamma G2. SC. GM Fiat Small platform (aka SCCS, Small Common Components and Systems platform, Small Wide and Small US Wide 4x. Description: in production since 2. ![]() SCCS is used predominantly by Fiat- Chrysler vehicles, not automobiles wearing GM- approved badges.- Features: This architecture was developed for transverse front- engined vehicles, with front- wheel or all- wheel drive. The high- strength steel frame gets Mac. Pherson struts at the front, joined by a torsion beam, semi- independent strut suspension at the rear.- Most important applications (discontinued, current and future models): Fiat Grande Punto, Opel Corsa (D and E), Alfa Romeo Mi. To, Opel Adam, Fiat Linea, Opel Meriva (B), Fiat Doblo, Opel Combo, Fiat 5. L, Jeep Renegade, Fiat 5. X. GM Delta platform (aka Global Compact Vehicle architecture)- Description: this compact front- wheel drive car and crossover SUV platform debuted on the 2. Saturn Ion. It replaces the old- school platforms like the GM T, GM J and the GM Z platform of the Saturn S- Series.- Features: the GM Delta platform can accommodate front, transversely- mounted engines in both front and all- wheel drive guise. ![]() At the front, Delta- based cars use independent suspension, while the rear makes do with a twist- beam/torsion- beam suspension system.- Most important applications (discontinued, current and future models): Saturn Ion, Opel/Vauxhall Astra (H), Opel/Vauxhall Zafira (B), Chevrolet Cobalt and HHR, Pontiac G5, Pontiac G4 and Pontiac Pursuit. The Delta II version is employed by the Chevrolet Cruze, Holden Cruze, Daewoo Lacetti Premiere, Chevrolet Volt, Opel Ampera, Opel Astra (J), Buick Excelle XT, Chevrolet Orlando, Buick Verano, Opel Zafira Tourer (C), Cadillac ELR and Opel/Buick Cascada. The General Motors Delta and Delta II platforms are going to be replaced by the GM D2. XX/D2. UX. GM Theta platform- Description: introduced in 2. SUVs. What is known as the GM Theta Premium is a variant of the platform that was used by the 2. Cadillac SRX and the 2. Saab 9- 4x compact luxury crossover SUV.- Features: the GM Theta architecture was developed for unibody welded steel bodyshells. It uses a four- wheel independent suspension system. All vehicles use a front, transversely- mounted engine placement. Speaking of which, four and six- cylinder engines are the only powerplants you can get on with the Theta.- Most important applications (discontinued, current and future models): Saturn Vue, Opel Antara and rebadged models (Vauxhall/Holden Captiva), Pontiac Torrent, Chevrolet Captiva, Chevrolet Equinox, GMC Terrain, Suzuki XL7, Cadillac SRX, Saab 9- 4. X and two concept vehicles (the Chevrolet S3. X and T2. X). This platform is expected to be replaced by the GM D2. XX/D2. UX vehicle platform, starting with the third- gen Chevrolet Equinox (2. GM D2. XX/D2. UX platform- Description: this is where it gets interesting. The GM D2. XX/D2. UX architecture replaces the GM Delta II. It was introduced in August 2. This metal skeleton is also replacing the crossover- only GM Theta platform.- Features: highly modular, lightweight, developed for front, transversely- mounted engine applications. As was the case with the Delta II and Theta, front- wheel and all- wheel drive vehicles will be underpinned by it. The D2. XX/D2. UX architecture introduces independent Mac. Pherson strut- type suspension with side- loaded strut modules, hydraulic ride bushings and a direct- acting hollow stabilizer bar for the front axle. At the rear, the second- gen 2. Chevrolet Volt uses an adapted compound crank (torsion beam suspension) with a double- walled, U- shaped profile. The steering system of the D2. XX/D2. UX platform is a rack- mounted electric system co- developed with TRW Automotive.- Most important applications (current and future models): 2. Chevrolet Volt, China- spec 2. Chevrolet Cruze, China- spec 2. Buick Excelle GT, US- spec 2. Chevrolet Cruze, 2. Opel/Vauxhall Astra K, the second- gen Opel Ampera, China- spec 2. Buick Envision and US- spec 2. Buick Envision and more. Possible candidates for the D2. XX/D2. UX architecture are the upcoming 2. Chevrolet Equinox, 2. Chevrolet Orlando, all- new Opel/Vauxhall Antara (slated to be launched by the end of the decade) and sister model Chevrolet Captiva, 2. GMC Terrain, 2. 01. Buick Verano, as well as the model that will replace the Cadillac ELR. GM Alpha platform- Description: put simply, the GM Alpha platform was developed to replace the old as socks GM Sigma. It was reportedly engineered to be as light as possible in order to deliver “world- class driving dynamics.”- Features: GM Alpha is meant for compact/mid- size, rear and all- wheel drive applications. The Alpha has been developed to accommodate front, longitudinally- mounted powerplants. Aluminum and high- strength steel were employed to make the GM Alpha happen. Thanks to its four- wheel independent suspension and flexible wheelbase configurations, this baby is and will be used for anything ranging from Chevrolets to Caddys.- Most important applications (current and future models): 2. Cadillac ATS, 2. 01. Cadillac CTS, 2. 01. Cadillac ATS- V and 2. Cadillac CTS- V, as well as future products such as the 2. Chevrolet Camaro. It’s still unknown if General Motors will use the Alpha architecture for potential models such as a convertible Cadillac and wagon derivatives of the ATS and CTS, joined by an upcoming compact Cadillac crossover, an upcoming subcompact Cadillac sedan and the long- rumored Buick Grand National/GNX. GM Zeta platform (aka Global RWD architecture)This platform is used by the fifth- gen Chevy Camaro and the Chevrolet SS sports sedan. Introduced nine years ago on the Holden VE Commodore, the Zeta will be phased out by 2. Until then, the GM Zeta will live on the Holden VF Commodore (HSV F) and VF Ute, as well as the Chevrolet Caprice PPV police vehicle. Not much is known about what platform will underpin the next- gen Commodore full- size sedan. GM Epsilon platform- Description: from 2. GM Epsilon played the role of compact, mid- size and large car platform for the Detroit- based manufacturer. Certain reports suggest that Opel developed it in Germany. Both the GM Lambda and Theta Premium platforms are derived from the Epsilon I and II architectures. The GM Epsilon replaced the GM N and GM2. Features: accommodates four to six- cylinder mills mounted transversely at the front of the vehicle, it’s good for both front- wheel and all- wheel drive cars.- Most important applications (discontinued, current and future models): Opel Vectra (C), Saab 9- 3, Opel Signum, Chevrolet Malibu, Cadillac BLS, Pontiac G6, Fiat Croma, Saturn Aura, Opel Insignia, Buick Regal, Buick La. Crosse, Saab 9- 5, Roewe 9. Chevrolet Impala, Cadillac XTS. The GM Epsilon is slated to be replaced by the upcoming GM E2. XX architecture. GM Lambda platform. Introduced in 2. 00. GM’s full- size crossover (CUV) platform. Derived from the similarly old GM Epsilon architecture, the Lambda is or was used by the Chevrolet Traverse, Buick Enclave, GMC Acadia and Saturn Outlook. The upcoming GM C1. XX platform is expected to replace it in the near future. GM E2. XX platform- Description: currently under development, the E2. XX will replace the GM Epsilon II architecture.
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